WHAT IS SYPHILIS? CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS OF SYPHILIS
What is Syphilis?
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact but can also spread via blood transfusion or from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.
How is Syphilis Transmitted?
Syphilis can be transmitted through:
- Sexual contact: vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person.
- Blood transfusion: receiving contaminated blood.
Mother to child: during pregnancy or childbirth, leading to congenital syphilis.
Symptoms of Syphilis
Syphilis progresses through four stages, each with distinct symptoms:
- Primary Stage: A painless sore or ulcer (chancre) appears at the site of infection, typically genital, anal, or oral. This sore heals on its own within 3–6 weeks but does not indicate the infection has resolved.
- Secondary Stage: Characterized by skin rashes, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, and mucous patches in moist areas. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and fatigue.
- Latent Stage: No symptoms are present, but the bacteria remain in the body. Without treatment, the infection can progress to the tertiary stage.
- Tertiary Stage: Occurs years after initial infection if untreated. It can affect multiple organs, including the heart, brain, and nerves, leading to serious complications such as aneurysms, neurological disorders, and organ damage.
Diagnosis
Syphilis is diagnosed through:
- Blood tests: to detect antibodies or the bacterium.
- Microscopic examination: of fluid from sores.
- Clinical evaluation: based on symptoms and medical history.
Prevention
Preventive measures include:
- Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual activity.
- Regular STI screenings, especially for sexually active individuals.
- Avoiding sexual contact with individuals who have visible sores or known infections.
Early testing and treatment for pregnant women to prevent congenital syphilis.
Treatment
Syphilis is treatable with antibiotics, primarily:
- Benzathine penicillin G: the preferred treatment for all stages of syphilis.
- Alternative antibiotics: such as doxycycline or ceftriaxone, may be used for individuals allergic to penicillin.
Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial to prevent complications and transmission.
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